Libros UCLV { BETA }

The technology of sugar manufacture has evolved so much in the course of the last twelve years that the preparation of a third edition has necessitated not only the revision of the major portion of the text but also the addition of numerous, entirely new sections. As important revisions and new sections, there will be found in particular in this new edition, the following: Powerful modern shredders Pressure feeders to mills, Australian type New formulae for maximal speed of mills A new formula for mill capacity A more complete table for calculation of power requirements in milling New systems of drive for mills Mill rollers The Lotus roller Calculation of weight of bagasse and weight of juices in the milling tandem Calculation of material balance in the tandem A new formula for reduced extraction A new type of diffuser liming of juice Rapid clarifiers Modification of existing clarifiers for rapid Dorrclones New formulae for heat-transfer coefficient in heaters Evaporator vessels with lateral or annular downtake Heat balance for the factory Falling-film evaporators Formulae for estimating coefficient k for flow in vessel and pan calandria Formulae for steam consumption of pans The method of calculating the material balance for the boiling house Continuous vacuum pans, including Langreney Vertical-crystalliser coolers Continuous centrifugals Sugar dryers Standard factory control Liquid-annulus air pumps Water requirements of the factory Forced-draught cooling towers Rain-type condensers and condenser heaters Drying of bagasse Steam balance of the factory for maximum economy Pelletisation of bagasse.

La producción de azúcar de caña, que ha sido a lo largo de muchos años uno de los más importantes renglones de nuestra economía, tiene la prioridad única, entre las grandes industrias, de obtener de la materia prima el combustible necesario para suministrar la energía que requiere el proceso y un exceso que se destina a consumidores externos. Esta alternativa ha sido explotada con muy poca intensidad manteniéndose un bajo aprovechamiento de las reservas energéticas que posee la caña, por lo que representa un pilar fundamental en el desarrollo económico del país. Es de vital importancia la proyección de ciclos termodinámicos más eficientes que los aplicados, para esto resulta una prioridad la construcción en los centrales azucareros de instalaciones adecuadas de generación eléctrica que independientemente de que no estén a la altura de los sistemas convencionales, tengan como ventaja que sean rentables con superioridad en los índices de generación que conduzcan al desarrollo de la eficiencia económica, con su propio combustible. Las tareas a ejecutar para garantizar la modernización de los ciclos termodinámicos eficientes están dadas por el uso de residuos cañeros (RAC) como combustible, la generación de energía eléctrica todo el año, la racionalización de los consumos propios de energía eléctrica contrarrestando el sobredimensionamiento, la sustitución de equipos de transferencias de calor por otros que garanticen la disminución de los consumos de vapor de escape en el proceso, y el aumento de la eficiencia de la planta de generación de vapor, etcétera.

AutoCAD 2002 is the most powerful CAD software product available for PCs today. It can perform nearly any drawing task you can give it. This book is designed to be your comprehensive guide to the entire AutoCAD program. AutoCAD 2002 is the fastest, smoothest AutoCAD yet. Certain features have been added that are not even mentioned in this book because you never see them — you just notice that fewer regenerations occur, drawings load faster, and you spend less time waiting while drawing and editing. In addition to these refinements, of course, are the many new features covered in this book that will make your drawing easier and faster. The new features include both those introduced with 2000, an interim release, and 2002. This book covers every major AutoCAD feature. If you’re a beginning AutoCAD user, you’ll find everything you need to start out; if you’re already using AutoCAD regularly, the book covers advanced material as well. It provides a solid reference base to come back to again and again, as well as short tutorials to get you drawing. Sidebar profiles show how companies out in the real world use AutoCAD. Finally, the CD-ROM is chock full of drawings, a trial version of AutoCAD 2002, and AutoLISP programs. This book should be all you need to make full use of that expensive program called AutoCAD.

Preface The purpose of writing this book is to produce a text suitable for those in Further and/or Higher Education who are required to learn how to use the CAD software package AutoCAD®2008. Students taking examinations based on computer-aided design will find the contents of the book of great assistance. The book is also suitable for those in industry who wish to learn how to construct technical drawings with the aid of AutoCAD 2008 and those who, having used previous releases of AutoCAD, wish to update their skills in the use of AutoCAD. The chapters dealing with two-dimensional (2D) drawing will also be suitable for those who wish to learn how to use AutoCAD LT 2008, the 2D version of this latest release of AutoCAD. Many readers using AutoCAD 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006 or 2007 will find the book’s contents largely suitable for use with those versions of AutoCAD, although AutoCAD 2008 has enhancements over AutoCAD 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 (see Chapter 21). The contents of the book are basically a graded course of work, con- sisting of chapters giving explanations and examples of methods of con- structions, followed by exercises which allow the reader to practise what has been learned in each chapter. The first 12 chapters are concerned with constructing technical drawings in 2D. These are followed by chapters detailing the construction of three-dimensional (3D) solid drawings and rendering. The two final chapters describe the Internet tools of AutoCAD 2008 and the place of AutoCAD in the design process. The book finishes with three appendices: printing and plotting; a list of tools with their abbreviations; a list of some of the set variables upon which AutoCAD 2008 is based. AutoCAD 2008 is very complex computer-aided design (CAD) soft- ware package. A book of this size cannot possibly cover the complexities of all the methods for constructing 2D and 3D drawings available when working with AutoCAD 2008. However, it is hoped that by the time the reader has worked through the contents of the book, they will be suffi- ciently skilled with the methods of producing drawing with the software, will be able to go on to more advanced constructions with its use, and will have gained an interest in the more advanced possibilities available when using AutoCAD.

En los primeros temas se abordan los aspectos clásicos acerca de la aplicación de los Balances de Masa y Energía y posteriormente se proponen métodos que ayudan a delimitar los esfuerzos, para evitar desgastes innecesarios. Aquí se valoran las relaciones entre los procesos principales y los servicios, así como técnicas de Modelación, que bien pueden ayudar a simplificar los análisis al enfrentarse a situaciones de extrema complejidad. Se complementa el estudio con aplicaciones a los bioprocesos, aspectos que a pesar de su importancia actual son poco estudiados por la literatura especializada y se analizan dos temas que ayudan en gran manera a la universalización de las técnicas en cuestión y son los correspondientes al análisis exergético, como vía de análisis del aprovechamiento energético y el estudio de la aplicación de balances en condiciones de incertidumbre.

The enterprise that plastics and the plastics industry have formed is nothing short of phenomenal. An entirely new industry emerged creating employment for an estimated 5 million people worldwide. The plastic products produced and used worldwide have made a major contribution to the progress of materials and civilization. The industry is too young to begin to surniise its final direction.

Bioenergy: Biomass to Biofuels, a title like this comprising of all the possible related topics (biodiesel, biogas, gasification, ethanol, waste oil, wood, grass, oil-seed fuels, algal fuels, fuel sustainability, energy return, economics, etc.) could possibly be put together only with contributions from topicspecific highly accomplished experts engaged in education and practice. I tried to accomplish this colossal task by bringing together the leading bioenergy/biofuel experts nationwide from universities, the department of energy, nonprofit organizations, and businesses, who graciously contributed the respective chapters per their expertise. Also complementing the chapters, presented are the firsthand service learning experiences of students in the form of case studies and comments from participating in a well-established university level program. These participants actually partnered with bioenergy-related for-profit and nonprofit businesses, farms, and other community partners to take the learning experience to the next level by complementing the in-class learning with hands-on experience.

The increasing demand for power and material products by current energy conversion technologies using fossil and nuclear fuels on one hand and the adverse impact on the environment on the other hand, did create an energy conversion crisis that is going to stay for decades to come. The increasing demand is driven by the increase of world population and a rising standard of living. The adverse impact is emissions, waste disposal, and the signs of global warming. The long-lasting energy conversion crisis is due to the absence of alternative energy resources and conversion technologies that are both friendly to the environment and economically competitive to the present ones. Until emerging or new competitive technologies become available, the cost-effective increase of the conversion efficiencies of current technologies is the only option to reduce the impact of the crisis. Directions of raising system efficiency are well established thermodynamically but not the directions of their cost effectiveness. The book surveys briefly the recently developed methodologies that reveal the cost effectiveness of sought energy-resource-saving ideas by design. The book then focuses on one methodology that became known as thermoeconomics. The theory is presented. Tutorial and application examples are given. The examples deal with both systemdesign analysis and the design analysis of energy conversion devices. A number of executable programs set the stage for the analyses and provide the results. The programs are described and samples of the source code in "BASIC" are included. All programs are available on one compact disc. The goal of the book is a set of energy analysis tools that is useful, concise and easy to understand and apply. The book is an outcome of more than a 20-year development of thermoeconomics. The book will be useful to both a system-designer and a device-designer. It will be particularly useful to students. They will be prepared to reshape the traditional energy system design during their active career into a more powerful optimal-design methodology. Thermoeconomics launches an intensive analysis dose on the design concepts of energy conversion systems for the purpose of revealing opportunities of fuel and cost savings. The description of system configurations is modular, process-oriented, and is easy to expand or modify. The approach to the solution of the modeling equations of a configuration is numerical.

Electricity is at the root of everything that we think of as modern. In a practical sense it defines modernity. All of those adjuncts to living in an advanced society that began to appear from the end of the 19th century—electric lighting then electric motors, radio, television, home appliances, and, in the last part of the 20th century, the myriad of electronic devices that have been spawned by the development of the transistor including computers and portable telephones—rely exclusively on electricity for their operation. Their widespread use would not be possible without electricity and the complex electricity supply system that has evolved to deliver it. Not only is electricity one of the foundations of a modern developed society, electricity is also capable of nourishing the advancement of a society. Something as simple as the availability of electric lighting can lead to enormous benefits in terms of levels of education and quality of life. In consequence, electricity supply is a key element of international development aid. Meanwhile the citizens of many less-developed nations yearn for an adequate electricity supply and all the benefits that it can bring. Ironically, most of the citizens of the world’s advanced societies take it for granted.

The purpose of Power Electronics Handbook is to provide a reference that is both concise and useful for engineering students and practicing professionals. It is designed to cover a wide range of topics that make up the field of power electronics in a well-organized and highly informative manner. The Handbook is a careful blend of both traditional topics and new advancements. Special emphasis is placed on practical applications; thus, this Handbook is not a theoretical one, but an enlightening presentation of the usefulness of the rapidly growing field of power electronics. The presentation is tutorial in nature in order to enhance the value of the book to the reader and foster a clear understanding of the material.

Welding Science and Technology is Volume 1 of the ninth edition of the American Welding Society’s Welding Handbook series. This volume presents an overview of the most recent research and engineering developments in the field of welding science and technology. Volumes 2 and 3 of the ninth edition address welding processes, whereas Volumes 4 and 5 address materials and applications. Together, the five volumes of the ninth edition substantially expand upon and update the information presented in the four volumes of the Welding Handbook, eighth edition.

This third edition of the Welding Inspection Handbook has been prepared by the AWS Committee on Methods of Inspection. The objective is to provide a reliable source of useful reference information. This is particularly relevant for the technically trained individual who may not be directly involved with inspection but whose position requires knowledge about welding inspection. This book also is intended for the inspector who needs a general refresher in the basic requirements of weld inspection.

Fluid and thermodynamics (FTD) are generally taught at technical universities as separate subjects and this separation can be justified simply by reasons of the assigned time; the elements of each subject can be introduced within a semester of *15 weeks. Most likely, these outer educational boundaries may even have well furthered this separation. Intellectually, the two subjects, however, belong together, especially since for all but ideal fluids the second law of thermodynamics imposes constraint conditions on the parameters of the governing equations (generally partial differential equations) that are then used in the fluid dynamic part of the joint effort to construct solutions to physically motivated initial boundary value problems that teach us important facts of the behavior of the motion of the fluid under certain circumstances.

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite—Sputnik I—into space. This singular event precipitated the birth of the space age and, more specifically, the U.S.–U.S.S.R. space race. If we fast forward 45 years, the year is 2002, and Japan unveils the first supercomputer that obliterates U.S. domination in supercomputing,?creating such a fervor that the event is dubbed Compute-nik and ignites an “arms race in supercomputing” in which the need for speed is paramount above all else and supercomputing (also referred to as high-performance computing or HPC) becomes increasingly mainstream, as illustrated in Figure 0.1 from the U.S. Council of Competitiveness, and as detailed in a report by the President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC). However, this singular focus on speed as a performance metric arguably comes at the expense of other performance metrics, such as efficiency, reliability, and availability, to name a few. These “other” metrics are of particular interest to our Supercomputing in Small Spaces (SSS) project, which started in 2001, when being cool was “not cool.” Why? With the supercomputing community’s focus on speed, supercomputing nodes were not only becoming faster but also consuming and dissipating more power. By applying Arrhenius’s equation† to microelectronics or, more generally, computer hardware, every 10?C increase in temperature doubles the failure rate of a given system. This equation was supported by our own informal empirical data at the time, specifically a 128-node cluster that resided in a warehouse and failed approximately once perweek during thewinter months when the temperature inside the warehouse was 21–23?C and approximately twice per week during the summer months when the temperature was 30–32?C.

This book – an in-depth examination of chemical thermodynamics – is written for an audience of engineering undergraduates and Masters students in the disciplines of chemistry, physical chemistry, process engineering, materials, etc., and doctoral candidates in those disciplines. It will also be useful for researchers at fundamental- or applied-research labs, dealing with issues in thermodynamics during the course of their work.

This seventh instalment is devoted to the study of surface phenomena and to the properties of phases with small dimensions. Chapter 1 looks at the system composed of the interface between a pure liquid and its vapor. A thermodynamic approach is used to determine the influence of the temperature and pressure on the surface tension and its consequences for the specific heat capacities and the latent heats. Chapter 2 describes the modeling and properties of the interfaces between a liquid and a liquid solution or a gaseous mixture. An example of a model of the interface is studied with the model of the strictly-regular solution. Chapter 3 examines the surfaces of solids and solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces. It closes with the study of electro-capillary phenomena. Chapter 4 deals with smallPreface xiii volume phases, droplets or solids of small dimensions. The thermodynamic values are determined on the basis of Reiss’ potential functions. The chapter concludes with a thermodynamic study of the phenomenon of nucleation of a condensed phase. In Chapter 5, we study firstly the thermodynamics of cylindrical capillary, and secondly the properties of thin liquid films. Chapters 6 and 7, respectively, discuss the phenomena of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption of gases by solid surfaces. Finally, in an appendix, we present the application of physical adsorption to the determination of the specific areas of solids and their porosity.

This volume of the set is devoted to modeling of solid phases. Chapter 1 discusses the modeling of pure solids. Oscillator models (Einstein’s and Debye’s) are used to calculate canonical partition functions for four types of solid: atomic, ionic, molecular and metallic. These canonical partition functions can be employed, first to calculate the specific heat capacities at constant volume, and second to determine the expansion coefficients with the Grüneisen parameters. Preface xi Chapter 2 looks at the modeling and characterization of solid solutions. Following a qualitative description of the different types of solid solution of substitution and insertion, the short-distance and long-distance order coefficients are introduced. Simple solution models are briefly described and the thermodynamics of the order/disorder transformations in alloys is presented. The chapter ends with the experimental determination of the activity coefficients of the components of a solid solution. The third chapter deals with non-stoichiometry of solids, and therefore point defects in pure solids. Equilibria between defects are discussed in the context of quasi-chemical phenomena. The fourth and final chapter looks at the question of point defects in solid solutions that are slightly or highly concentrated. The role of doping of insulating and semiconductive ionic materials is discussed, as is the description of models of gas dissolution in solids. The chapter finishes with an examination of the methods used to calculate the equilibrium constants of point-defect creation. Two appendices are given at the end of the book, discussing the Lagrange multiplier method and a method for solving Schrödinger’s equation.

The context in which thermodynamics is being taught is rapidly changing. Therefore we have added new sections to chapters, which show more applications of the subject. The following is a partial list. In Chapter 2 we have included ‘energy lows’ in turbines and jet engines, and basics of renewable energies such as solar and wind energy. We have also included a description of the hurricane as a heat engine in Chapter 3. Chapter 11 now has sections on nonequilibrium electromagnetic radiation. In Chapter 19, we have included rates of entropy production in dissipative structures. In response to suggestions by users of this text, we have included a chapter on Statistical Thermodynamics, which makes this text self-contained by the inclusion of derivations of heat capacities of solids and Planck’s law of blackbody radiation. Several other changes have been made to improve the presentation of the concepts. Entropy and entropy-producing irreversible processes are generally thought of as agents of disorder. A central message of this book is that, under far-from-equilibrium conditions, irreversible processes are, in fact, the drivers of self-organization and order we see all around us in Nature. These emergent structures, called dissipative structures, are distinct from machines and are a good thermodynamic basis on which we may begin to build a theory of biological organisms. It is an important direction for future developments in thermodynamics. We have included a section on this topic in the inal chapter.

This book is dedicated to the environmental and energy staff of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the staff and special agents in the field who perform diligently and with exceptional dedication every day in achieving their mission. This book is also dedicated to the United States Air Force, where I had the privilege of serving 20 years in the civil engineering field and retiring as a lieutenant colonel. The Air Force is dedicated to reducing energy use and is making excellent strides in doing so, including creating an energy savings culture where everyone is committed to and involved in reducing energy consumption and costs. And finally, this book is dedicated to my wife, Jackie Howell, and my oldest grandson, Christopher Cline, who helped me with the figures and tables.

The Low Carbon Programme (LCP) is a joint initiative by the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and The University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) funded by the Repsol Foundation. The LCP was set up to promote research in energy economics and climate change and contribute to deliver a low carbon future. Addressing climate change has become not only an environmental necessity, but also an economic opportunity and a mainstay of energy and economic policies. The reduction of carbon emissions, the expansion of renewable energy capability and the improvement of energy efficiency are three key elements for climate policy on a global level. This book is devoted to the third of these key elements: energy efficiency. In doing so it reflects the Repsol Foundation’s commitment to the matter and strives to help mainstream the concept of energy efficiency in a socially and economically inclusive manner. The Repsol Foundation created the Energy Observatory in 2008 as part of its commitment to encouraging a new energy model and moving towards a new energy economy. One of the four priority lines of the observatory is the “Promotion of knowledge, research and innovation in areas related to energy and efficient energy use”.